Ancient tribes, Celts, and Romans inhabited the region. In 1066, the Norman Conquest under William the Conqueror united England and marked the beginning of the British monarchy. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the UK became a global power through colonial expansion and industrialization with the Victorian era showcasing the height of its empire. World War I and II were pivotal moments in the 20th century for the UK, with the latter leading to the decline of the empire and the withdrawal of the Irish Republic. The post-war period saw a transformation into a welfare state, and later, the UK's entry into the European Union, followed by Brexit in 2020. The process has been complex and divisive, with significant implications for the UK's economy, trade, immigration, and international relations.
The United Kingdom's political system is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. It consists of a monarch who serves as the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The UK Parliament, comprising the House of Commons and the appointed House of Lords, is responsible for enacting laws and governing the country. The British political landscape is characterized by a multi-party system, with the Conservative and Labour parties being the main contenders. Devolution has granted limited legislative powers to the regional governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, enhancing the UK's federal nature.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the UK emerged as a global economic powerhouse through industrialization and colonial expansion. The British Empire played a pivotal role in shaping its wealth. However, post-World War II, decolonization and the loss of the empire led to economic challenges. The UK then shifted towards a service-oriented economy, with finance, technology, and creative industries becoming dominant. In recent years, uncertainties surrounding Brexit impacted the economy. As of the present, the UK remains a major financial center and advanced economy, facing the challenges of globalization, technological advancements, and economic restructuring.
