In the 16th century, French and British explorers arrived, leading to colonial competition. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) ended French rule, and the British established Canada. Confederation in 1867 united provinces into a federal Dominion. The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885 connected the country from coast to coast. Both World War I and World War II significantly impacted Canada. Its contributions to the Allied efforts boosted its global reputation and led to socio-economic changes at home. After World War II, Canada experienced a period of rapid growth and prosperity, fueled by resource extraction, manufacturing, and the emergence of a modern service sector. The Quiet Revolution (1960s) transformed Quebec's society. Multiculturalism became official policy in the 1970s. Patriation of the Constitution and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms were landmark events in 1982.

Canada operates under a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. The political system consists of the Prime Minister as the head of government, a bicameral Parliament, and a Governor General representing the Crown. Political parties compete in elections, and the country is divided into provinces and territories, each with its own governance

Canada's economic history has been shaped by its vast natural resources, starting with fur trade in the 17th century. In the late 19th century, the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway boosted trade and migration. Early 20th century saw industrialization and economic diversification. After World War II, Canada experienced significant growth, aided by resource extraction, manufacturing, and services. Today, it stands as a high-income economy with a strong focus on natural resources, technology, and trade. Natural resources play a significant role, with petroleum, minerals, and timber being major exports. Canada is also a prominent exporter of agricultural products, including wheat, canola, and seafood. Its stable financial system, well-developed infrastructure, and skilled workforce have contributed to its economic prosperity, making it one of the world's leading industrialized nations. Environmental challenges, and reconciliation efforts with Indigenous communities remain prominent issues in modern Canada.