Pre-Columbian civilizations like the Aztecs and Maya thrived until the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. This marked the beginning of colonial rule, leading to the mixing of cultures and the birth of modern Mexico. The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) culminated in freedom from Spain. Throughout the 19th century, Mexico faced internal struggles, including the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and the French Intervention (1861-1867). The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) brought significant social and political changes, leading to the establishment of the current constitution.

Mexico is a federal republic with a presidential system. The President is both the head of state and government, elected for a single six-year term. The Congress is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Political parties play a crucial role in shaping the country's governance.

Modern Mexico has faced challenges including economic crises and drug-related violence, yet it remains a vibrant nation with a strong cultural identity and historical significance. After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, the nation experienced periods of instability and foreign intervention. The late 19th century brought modernization efforts, including the Porfiriato, which saw infrastructure and industry growth, but wealth concentration deepened societal divides. The 1910 Mexican Revolution aimed to address social injustices, yet economic progress remained sluggish. From the 1940s to the 1970s, Mexico adopted an import-substitution model, fostering industrialization through protectionist policies. While this strategy led to initial growth and diversification, it also engendered heavy reliance on oil exports, exposing the economy to external shocks. In the 1980s, the nation faced a debt crisis, prompting significant economic reforms. Mexico shifted towards an export-oriented approach, embracing free trade agreements and liberalizing its markets. The landmark North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in 1994 bolstered trade ties with the US and Canada, further integrating Mexico into the global economy. Presently, Mexico is a major emerging economy, with a diversified industrial base, significant agricultural exports, and a growing services secto