The dynastic rule of Ancient China commenced with the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. By 221 BCE, the Qin dynasty managed to unite the fragmented regions of China under imperial authority, previously divided into seven major states during the Zhou era. Following the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty ushered in a period of economic prosperity, profoundly impacting modern Chinese civilization, with the Han ethnic group constituting the majority in present-day China. The Han era also saw the establishment of the Silk Road, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange.

After nearly 400 years of intermittent warfare leading to the division of the country, the Tang and Song dynasties emerged, bringing about remarkable cultural accomplishments and economic growth. The government was founded on Confucianism, and Chinese porcelain gained immense value as a sought-after trade commodity. Subsequently, during the 13th to 14th centuries, the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty held power, and it was followed by the Ming dynasty, which achieved significant advancements in maritime exploration. The Qing dynasty was the last imperial rule, eventually facing internal strife and foreign influence.

The 19th century saw the Opium Wars (conflicts between China and the western powers), and subsequent decline of imperial power. The Republic of China emerged in 1912, followed by political turmoil, civil war, and the rise of the Communist Party under Mao Zedong. The People's Republic of China was established in 1949, led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), after which the country underwent rapid modernization and became a global economic power.

China operates under a one-party socialist system, with the CCP as the ruling and dominant political party. The CCP maintains tight control over all aspects of government, economy, media, and society. Key decisions are made by the CCP’s top leadership, led by the General Secretary. The National People's Congress is the highest legislative body, but its authority is largely symbolic, as real power resides with the CCP.

China held a dominant position in global trade with the Silk Road, thriving under the Tang and Song dynasties. However, it faced economic decline during the Qing dynasty. The 20th century saw political turmoil, wars, and economic stagnation, but the People's Republic of China initiated economic reforms in the late 20th century. Deng Xiaoping's policies opened up the economy, leading to rapid modernization and economic growth. China is now the world's second-largest economy, heavily dependent on manufacturing and exports. Its Belt and Road Initiative, seeks to expand global economic influence by connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. China is the world’s largest exporter of goods and its economic significance lies in its vast consumer market, its pivotal role in supply chains and its increasing investment in technology and innovation. Nonetheless, challenges remain, including income inequality, and trade disputes with other nations.