Australian history is marked by diverse indigenous cultures that have inhabited the continent for over 65,000 years. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples inhabited the continent, developing rich cultures, languages, and spiritual connections to the land. In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed the east coast for Britain. British colonization began in 1788 with the arrival of the First Fleet, and Governor Arthur Phillip established the first European settlement at Sydney Cove, marking the beginning of British presence in Australia. Throughout the 19th century, Australia experienced rapid growth due to the discovery of gold, attracting a large influx of immigrants seeking fortune.
In 1901, Australia federated as a nation, uniting six colonies into a Commonwealth, establishing a parliamentary system, and adopting a constitution. World War I significantly impacted Australia, both in terms of military contributions and societal changes, including the empowerment of women. Australia's involvement in World War II strengthened its ties with the United States and the United Kingdom. Post-war immigration diversified the population. Land rights movements gained momentum in the 20th century, seeking reconciliation with Indigenous Australians. Finally, the 1975 dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, and the 1999 referendum rejecting a republic, shaped the modern political landscape.
Australia operates as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. It has a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Prime Minister, elected from the majority party or coalition in the House, is the head of government, while the British monarch serves as the ceremonial head of state.
Australia's economic history saw early reliance on agriculture and mining during the colonial period. The late 19th-century gold rushes spurred growth, and industrialization followed in the early 20th century. After World War II, a shift toward manufacturing and services occurred, while mining and agriculture remained vital. In recent decades, Australia embraced a free-market economy, opening up to global trade and attracting foreign investment. Abundant natural resources, a skilled workforce, and strong institutions contribute to its economic success. Presently, Australia remains a prosperous, developed nation with a diverse economy, including finance, tourism, education, and a thriving mining sector. Debates surrounding Indigenous reconciliation, climate change, and asylum seekers continue to shape the nation's social and political landscape.
