Economic growth in this area is driven by agriculture, natural resource exports, and a growing digital economy. While oil and mineral wealth fuel some economies, others rely on agricultural production and expanding regional trade networks. Market competition is increasing, especially in fintech, renewable energy, and agribusiness, though infrastructure deficits and income inequality pose ongoing challenges.

Governments focus on regional integration, infrastructure improvements, and social investments, supported by organizations like ECOWAS. Policies aim to foster entrepreneurship and digital innovation, but governance challenges and security concerns in certain areas slow progress. Regulatory environments are evolving, with reforms aimed at enhancing investment climates and reducing barriers to business.

Society is shaped by a youthful, energetic population and an expanding middle class, driving demand for education, technology, and consumer goods. Education systems are improving, with a focus on technical and vocational training, though access remains uneven. Climate-related issues, including desertification and coastal erosion, are pushing investments in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture. Healthcare systems are under-resourced, particularly in rural areas, though regional and international collaborations are helping to bridge gaps and improve outcomes.