Existing waste management is leading to swelling landfills. Furthermore, landfills are often low-oxygen environments where organic matter is converted to methane when it decomposes. A wide range of technologies exist to keep waste out of landfills using sensors, robotics, IoT and and platforms that connect individuals and corporates to recyclers. Technologies to convert waste to energy are also widely deployed.

Wastewater includes municipal sewage effluents, industrial effluents and urban and agricultural runoffs, which could be harmful to human health without appropriate management. Technologies available to measure and treat waste water include sand filtration, membrane treatment technologies as well as using natural bacteria.