Russia, the largest country in the world by landmass, has a resource-driven economy dominated by oil, natural gas, and mining exports. These sectors are complemented by manufacturing, agriculture, and growing technology industries. Market competition exists primarily in urban centers like Moscow and St. Petersburg, but the economy faces structural challenges, including over-reliance on commodities, international sanctions, and limited diversification.

The government plays a central role in the economy, focusing on strategic sectors and national infrastructure projects. Public policies prioritize energy dominance, regional development, and military-industrial growth, though external geopolitical tensions and domestic inefficiencies impact progress. Regulatory frameworks are improving but often perceived as complex and uneven, posing challenges for foreign and local investors.

Society is marked by urbanization and an aging population, with significant regional disparities in income and access to services. Education emphasizes technical and scientific fields, maintaining a strong tradition in engineering and mathematics, though reforms aim to modernize curricula. Climate challenges, such as permafrost thawing and environmental degradation, are prompting attention to sustainability and green energy, albeit slowly. Healthcare systems vary significantly, with advanced facilities in urban areas but gaps in access and quality in rural regions, compounded by demographic pressures and resource constraints.